Yenza uhlu lokuhamba phambili abaqambi bomculo we-classic ihlala ithobekile. Amagama abaluleke kakhulu ayohlala engekho. Izitayela ezahlukahlukene zomculo, izikhathi ezahlukahlukene emlandweni, izinsimbi zomculo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu, kunezinketho eziningi.
Umculo wakudala ubulokhu uhambisana nomuntu, ngandlela thile. Kunabaqambi abanikezwe isiteketiso se "geniuses."".
URichard Wagner (1813-1883)
UWagner ubengomunye wabaqambi bomculo be-classic abaziwa kakhulu abaqambi baseJalimane zikhathi zonke. Kodwa wayebuye abe ngumbhali wemfundiso yenkolo.
Amanye ama-opera akhe awaziwa kakhulu amkhulisela esicongweni, vele empilweni. Kuyindaba yokuthiI-Flying Dutchman ", noma"Tannhäuser ”, esigabeni sayo sokuqala.
Como Umthandi wezepolitiki, wabamba iqhaza emizameni ehlukene yezinguquko eJalimane, ngakho-ke kwadingeka abaleke ezweni abalekele eParis noma eZurich. Kusukela kuleso sigaba kwakuzovela imisebenzi efana ne- "The Twilight of the Gods", "Siegfried", "The Valkyrie" noma "Tristan and Isolde".
the Isigaba sokugcina sempilo yakhe, esivele sinempilo ebuthakathaka, yidrama ethi "Parsifal".
Singabheka uWagner njengo umculi ekuphakameni kwezothando emculweni, ngokusetshenziswa kwazo zonke izinsizakusebenza ukuthuthukisa imibono yabo.
UGiussepe Verdi (1813-1901)
UVerdi unjalo umuntu ohamba phambili we-opera e-Italy futhi ungomunye wabaqambi abaziwa kakhulu bokucula okunengoma emhlabeni wonke. Wayenethalente lomculo eliyisimanga kusukela esemncane. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala kwakungu "Oberto Comte di San Bonifacio". Futhi kuzovela abanye abaningi, njengokuthi "Usuku lokubusa" noma "uNabuco".
Imisebenzi kaVerdi edlulele kakhulu yilena “I-El Trouvador "," La Traviata "ne-" Aida ". Ama-opera amabili okuqala, abenodumo olukhulu kuze kube namuhla, abemukelwa njalo ngumphakathi womculo wangaleso sikhathi. Ngo "Aida", impendulo evela emphakathini yayinhle kakhulu.
UJohannes Brahms (1833-1897)
AmaBrahms akhethekile, ngemuva nje kokuqala umsebenzi wakhe womculo, kupiyano, ukubhala imisebenzi emincane nokuqala ukuvakasha eneminyaka engama-20. Kuyo wayezohlangana nomJalimane uRobert Schumann, owayemangazwa kakhulu yizimfanelo zeBrahms encane.
Kungaba ngo-1868 lapho lo mculi ezokwamukelwa njengomunye wabaqambi bomculo bakudala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ngenxa yesikhangiso sakhe “I-German Requiem”. Ngo-1874 washiya phansi zonke izinhlobo zezikhundla nezikhundla, ukuze azinikele ngekhulu lamaphesenti emculweni.
Phakathi kobuciko bakhe ubuciko obubabazekayo iSymphony No. 1 kuC C op op. 68 (1876); I-Symphony No. 2 ku-D enkulu op. 73 (1877); ukuvulwa komkhosi wezemfundo op. 80 (1880), nezingoma zabafundi baseJalimane; i-Overture emnyama ebuhlungu (1881); I-Symphony No. 3 ku-F enkulu op. 90 (1883), kanye ne- I-Symphony No. 4 ku-E minor op. 98 (1885), ngesiphetho esimangazayo, esihambayo.
Umculo owaqanjwa yiBrahms wawusuka isiko elihle kakhulu lakudala. Usebenzise imiphumela emisha ukuthuthukisa ama-nuances. Lo mculi othandana naye wayefuna kakhulu, futhi wayezozivuselela izingcezu eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, nangokuhlanganiswa okuhlukile kwezinsimbi.
U-Igor Stravinski (1882-1971)
Umqambi owaziwayo waseRussia njengomuntu obaluleke kakhulu kwezomculo kuyo yonke leminyaka lama-XNUMX. Naye uqobo walandisa ngempilo yakhe emlandweni wakhe wokuphila "Stravinsky: an autobiography", eyashicilelwa eNew York ngo-1939.
Eminyakeni engama-20, u-Igor osemusha wayezoba umfundi wothisha obaluleke kakhulu waseRussia ngaleso sikhathi: URimski-Korsakov, owayengumculi obaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Ngaphansi kwethonya lakhe wabhala nemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala emibili ngesitayela sakhe: Iziqhumane (iFu d'artifice) neFantastic Scherzo, okuzokwenza kwaziwe emphakathini wezomculo wangaleso sikhathi.
I-ballet yenzelwe uku-oda "Nyoni Yomlilo”, Yimpumelelo ephelele futhi yayiphakamisa emhlabeni wonke.
Umsebenzi wakhe kwezomculo ubonakalise izinguquko zakhe unomphela kwisitayela. Isitayela sokuqala saseRussia, esilula kakhulu, isikhathi seNeoclassical kamuva futhi ekugcineni omunye okuthiwa umlobi wenkundla. Wakha imisebenzi eminingi, phakathi kwayo kukhona: "Petroushka" (1911) kanye ne "The Rite of Spring" (1913), "Renard" (1916), "Indaba yesosha" (1916), "Symphony in C" ( 1940), "Symphony in three movement" (1945), "Apollo" (1928) kanye ne- "Symphony of Psalms" (1930).
Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe yakamuva kukhona: "ICantata "(1951)," EMemoriam Dylan Thomas "(1954)," Canticum sacrum noThereni "(1958). Ngaphandle kokungabaza, omunye wabaqambi abakhulu okufanele bacatshangelwe.
UClaude Debussy (1862-1918)
I-Debussy iyaqala indlela entsha yokuqonda ulimi lomculo, ngomsindo ozoguqula isikhathi sawo.
I-Los Ukuqala kukaDebussy kwakungelula. Wayeyingane yokuqala emndenini wezelamani ezinhlanu, enabazali abathobeke kakhulu. Wayengakwazi ukuya esikoleni futhi uyise, umthengisi ompofu, wayenethemba lokuthi izibulo lakhe kwakungumatilosi.
Ngenxa kankulunkulukazi wakhe, umqoqi wobuciko, waqala ukuthola amakilasi omculo eneminyaka eyisithupha. Futhi kwaguqula impilo yakhe. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi wayesevele edlala upiyano futhi wawina nemiklomelo yokuqala. Wayenethalente azalwa nalo, kwathi ngo-1880 wabhala i- “Trio for piano in G major”, omunye wemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala emikhulu.
Umsebenzi wakhe owaziwa kakhulu ucezu "Ukukhanya kwenyanga”. Wayengumqambi wokuqala ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo isikali sethoni ephelele. Kwakha isimo esingaqondakali futhi esimnandi esamkhulula emikhawulweni okwakubonakala sengathi wonke umuntu ufuna ukuyibeka kuye.
Kubhekwa njenge- umculi we-impressionist, futhi siyakubona kwi-opera yakhe ethi "Peleas y Melisande", emnikeze ukuqashelwa okusobala.
UDebussy naye wayekhona umhlaziyi omkhulu womculo, ikakhulukazi kulayishwa kuma-opera ajwayelekile aseJalimane.
UFranz Peter Schubert (1797-1828)
Kungekudala ngemuva kokufunda ukudlala upiyano, emncane kakhulu, wayesekwazi ukuyidlala kangcono kakhulu kunomfowabo, owayesenesikhathi eside eziqeqesha. Umndeni wakhe wenze konke okusemandleni ukumnikeza imfundo enhle ngomculo.
Kuye isigaba sobusha, uSchubert waqamba umculo omningi ngasikhathi sinye awufundisa wona. Waqamba, hhayi ngesicelo, kodwa ngenjongo yokuzijabulisa. Umdlalo othi "Gretchen am Spinnrade", wabhala eneminyaka engu-17. Kuthiwa wabhala umculo cishe ngaphandle kokucabanga.
Una ukutheleleka kwe-venereal kwakuqala kancane kancane ukuqeda impilo yakhe. Eminyakeni yakhe yakamuva (washona eneminyaka engama-31), umculo wakhe wawuzwakala udabukile, ngokuhambisana nemicabango yakhe ngokufa.
I-symphony yakhe "engaqediwe" idume kakhulu. Ineminyakazo emibili kuphela. Kubukeka sengathi lo msebenzi waqanjwa kuphela ingqondo yongqondongqondo, hhayi ukuthi wenziwe.
UWolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
Amagama kaHaydn, elinye lamagama amakhulu emlandweni womculo we-classic, kubaba kaMozart, abengu: «Indodana yakhe umqambi omkhulu kunabo bonke aseke wahlangana nabo. "
Into yokuqala edonsa ukunakekela kobuhlakani obukhulu bomculo yi izinhlobo eziningi zezitayela ezakha repertoire yayo. Kungashiwo ukuthi uyena kuphela wabaphathi abakhulu abasebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zesikhathi sakhe ngenzalo efanayo.
Iphinde iqhakambise i- uthando lokuqamba, okwakuhamba naye konke ukuphila kwakhe. Wayengomunye wabaqambi abakhulu bomculo we-classic futhi owayenobungcweti kangangokuba weqa imingcele yalokho okuqondwa yizingane ezihlekisayo.
Labo ababemazi bamchaza njengo- umuntu wasemhlabeni, onothando futhi onambitha ubumnandi bempilo, umdansi oqedile nobudlelwano obuningi bezenhlalo. Ngakho-ke inganekwane yadalwa yokuthi iMozart yasemhlabeni yayingahlangene noMozart owayehleli kupiyano, njengokungathi umuntu ophakeme wayebamba indoda eyayingenamqondo futhi ihlaya eyayazi abantu bayo abaseduze.
UMozart wabhala izingoma ezingaphezu kwamakhulu ayisithupha, phakathi kwazo kukhona izingoma zomculo ezine zomculo ezingamashumi amane nesithupha, imisa engamashumi amabili, ama-piano sonata ayikhulu namashumi ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalombili, amakhonsathi epiyano angamashumi amabili nesikhombisa, ayisithupha e-violin, ama-opera angamashumi amabili nantathu, okunye izingoma ezingamashumi ayisithupha zomculo wezinsimbi namakhulu eminye imisebenzi.
Sus Ukuqanjwa kokuqala kwenziwa phakathi kweminyaka engu-5 nengu-7. Eminyakeni engu-9 wayesevele eqamba izingoma zomculo.
Kunezicucu eziningi ezingagqama ekukhiqizeni kwakhe umculo. Njengesampula nje, sizocaphuna. I- "Requiem", i- "Concert for the coronation", i- "Little night music", "Umshado kaFigaro", "uDon Giovanni" noma "Umtshingo womlingo".
ULudwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
Emculweni kaBeethoven, sifakaza a ubukhulu bombono ngaphezu kwefomu. Umsebenzi wakhe, ongomunye wabaqambi abakhulu bomculo we-classic, ungahlukaniswa ngezikhathi ezintathu, kukhombisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwesikhathi esedlule nekusasa, phakathi kwe-classicism kanye ne-romanticism.
Kuye isikhathi sokuqala Ama-sonatas akhe okuqala wepiyano nama-quartet avelele, athonywe kakhulu yi-violin kaMozart ne-piano sonatas. I-sonata ebizwa nge- "Patética" iyisibonelo salesi sikhathi.
A Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, kwaqala inkinga yakhe kuBeethoven eyayizophawula ukukhiqizwa kwakhe komculo kamuva, kususelwa kuzithiyo zakhe zomzwelo, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke kusuka isithulu sakhe. "UFidelio" bekunguye yedwa opera.
Kuye esigabeni sokugcina ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwamukela odayi benkolo. the I-Symphony No. 9, shayela Coral, ngumsebenzi odume kakhulu kulesi sigaba. Isiphetho saso esihlaba umxhwele singesinye sezikhathi zokuqala zokuqanjwa kwezwi lomuntu ku-symphony. Kuyafaneleka futhi ukusho i- "Solemn Mass" yakhe.
UJohann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
UJohann Sebastian Bach ungomunye wabaqambi abaphambili bomculo wakudala owayephinde abe ngumculi wozalo lwaseJalimane, i-violinist, umphathi wesonto nomculi. Ungomunye wamagama amakhulu esikhathi samaBaroque. Umsebenzi wakhe ubanzi, ugcwele ukuphelela kwezobuchwepheshe nobuhle obukhulu bobuciko.
Ilungu lesiko lomndeni elihle, walandela uyise nezingane zakhe zamlandela. Kepha kuze kube manje, uJohan Sebastian wayeyingxenye eyisisekelo ku-baroque yaseJalimane. Futhi ithonya lakhe lafinyelela kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba.
IBach ibhekwa ingcweti yobuciko be-counterpoint yomculo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe eyaziwa kakhulu kukhona i- "Brandenburg Concertos", "The Well-Tempered Clavier", "Toccata neFugue in D minor", neminye eminingi.
Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe abaculi bomculo wakudala, chofoza kusixhumanisi esisanda kukushiya ngaso. Uyazi okuningi abaqambi bomculo we-classic ezifanele ukuba kulolu hlu?