Yi jerin mafi kyawun mawakan kiɗan gargajiya koyaushe yana da ma'ana. Sunaye masu mahimmanci koyaushe za su ɓace. Salo daban -daban na kiɗa, lokuta daban -daban a cikin tarihi, kayan kida daban -daban, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa.
Waƙar gargajiya ta kasance tare da ɗan adam koyaushe, ta wata hanya ko wata. Akwai mawakan da aka yi wa lakabi da “masu hazaka".
Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
Wagner ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawakan gargajiya na gargajiya da aka sani na kowane lokaci. Amma kuma ya kasance masani ne.
Wasu shahararrun wasan operarsa sun tashe shi sama, tuni a rayuwa. Matsala ce "Flying Dutchman ”, ko“Tannhäuser ”, a matakin farko.
Como mai sha'awar siyasa, ya shiga cikin ƙoƙarin juyin juya hali daban -daban a Jamus, don haka dole ne ya tsere daga ƙasar ya nemi mafaka a Paris ko Zurich. Daga wannan matakin zai zo ayyuka kamar "The Twilight of Gods", "Siegfried", "The Valkyrie" ko "Tristan da Isolde".
Daga Mataki na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, wanda tuni ya kasance cikin raunin lafiya, shine wasan kwaikwayo "Parsifal".
Muna iya ɗaukar Wagner a matsayin mai zane a tsayi na soyayya a cikin kiɗa, tare da amfani da duk hanyoyin da za su yiwu don haɓaka ra’ayoyin su.
Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)
Verdi da babban adadi na opera a Italiya kuma daya daga cikin sanannun manyan mawakan waƙoƙin waƙa a duk duniya. Yana da baiwar fasaha mai ban mamaki tun yana yaro. Aikinsa na farko shine "Oberto Comte di San Bonifacio". Kuma daga ciki wasu da yawa za su zo, kamar "Ranar sarauta" ko "Nabuco".
Ayyukan Verdi waɗanda suka fi ƙaruwa sune "El Trouvador "," La Traviata "da" Aida ". Wasan opera guda biyu na farko, waɗanda suka shahara sosai har zuwa yau, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta lokacin ta karɓi su akai -akai. Tare da "Aida", martanin jama'a ya yi kyau sosai.
Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)
Brahms ƙwararre, jim kaɗan bayan fara aikinsa na kiɗa, a cikin piano, tsara kananan ayyuka da fara yawon shakatawa yana ɗan shekara 20. A ciki zai sadu da Bajamushen Robert Schumann, wanda yayi mamakin halayen matasa Brahms.
Zai kasance a cikin shekara ta 1868 lokacin da mawaƙin zai sami karɓuwa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun mawakan kiɗan gargajiya a duk Turai, godiya ga farkon "Jamusanci Requiem”. A cikin 1874 ya yi murabus kowane irin matsayi da mukamai, don sadaukar da kansa ɗari bisa ɗari ga kiɗa.
Daga cikin manyan ayyukansa akwai babbar waka Symphony No. 1 a C ƙananan op. 68 (1876); Symphony No. 2 a D manyan op. 73 (1877); Overture na bukin ilimi op. 80 (1880), tare da waƙoƙin ɗaliban Jamusawa; duhu mai ban tsoro Overture (1881); Symphony No. 3 a F manyan op. 90 (1883), da kuma Symphony No. 4 a cikin E ƙananan op. 98 (1885), tare da ƙarewa mai ban mamaki, wanda ke motsawa.
Waƙar da Brahms ya yi ta fito ne daga mafi kyawun al'adar gargajiya. Ya yi amfani da sabbin abubuwa don haɓaka nuances. Wannan mawaƙin soyayyar yana da matuƙar buƙata, kuma zai sake yin juzu'in bayan 'yan shekarun baya, kuma don haɗa kayan kida daban -daban.
Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)
Shahararren mawakin Rasha a matsayin mafi mahimmancin kiɗan kiɗa a cikin dukan karni na XNUMX. Shi da kansa ya ba da labarin rayuwarsa a cikin tarihin kansa "Stravinsky: tarihin rayuwa", wanda aka buga a New York a 1939.
A shekaru 20, matashi Igor zai zama ɗalibin malamin Rasha mafi mahimmanci a wancan lokacin: Rimski-Korsakov, wanda shine mawaƙin da ya fi muhimmanci a wancan lokacin. A ƙarƙashin rinjayar sa kuma ya haɗa ayyukansa biyu na farko a cikin salon sa: Wutar wuta (Feu d'artifice) da Fantastic Scherzo, wanda zai bayyana shi a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta lokacin.
Ballet da aka yi oda "The Firebird”, Nasara ce gaba ɗaya kuma ta ɗaga ta a duk faɗin duniya.
Aikin kiɗansa ya nuna canje -canje na dindindin a salo. Tsarin Rasha na farko, mai sauqi, lokacin Neoclassical daga baya kuma a ƙarshe wani wanda ake kira serialist. Ya kirkiro ayyuka da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai: "Petroushka" (1911) da "The Rite of Spring" (1913), "Renard" (1916), "The story of the soja" (1916), "Symphony in C" ( 1940), "Symphony a cikin motsi uku" (1945), "Apollo" (1928) da "Symphony of Zabura" (1930).
Daga cikin sabbin ayyukansa akwai: "Cantata "(1951)," In Memoriam Dylan Thomas "(1954)," Canticum sacrum and Thereni "(1958). Ba tare da wata shakka ba, wani daga cikin manyan mawaƙa ya yi la’akari da su.
Claude Debussy (1862-1918)
Debussy yana tasowa sabuwar hanyar fahimtar yaren kiɗa, tare da sauti wanda zai canza lokacinsa.
da Farkon Debussy bai kasance mai sauƙi ba. Shi ne ɗan fari a cikin iyali na 'yan uwa biyar, na iyaye masu tawali'u. Bai iya zuwa makaranta ba kuma mahaifinsa, ɗan kasuwa mai talauci, yana tsammanin ɗan fari zai zama matuƙan jirgin ruwa.
Godiya ga uban gidansa, mai tarin fasaha, ya fara samun azuzuwan kida tun yana ɗan shekara shida. Kuma ya canza rayuwarsa. Yana ɗan shekara goma ya riga yana buga piano kuma ya lashe kyaututtukan farko. Yana da baiwa ta asali, kuma a cikin 1880 ya rubuta "Trio for piano in G major", ɗayan manyan ayyukansa na farko.
Mafi shahararren aikinsa shine yanki "Hasken wata”. Shi ne mawaki na farko da ya yi amfani da sikelin sautin cikin nasara. Ya haifar da yanayi mara kyau da ban mamaki wanda ya 'yantar da shi daga iyakokin da kowa da kowa yake son dora masa.
An dauke shi a mawaƙin ra'ayi, kuma za mu iya gani a cikin wasan operarsa "Peleas y Melisande", wanda ya ba shi kyakkyawar fahimta.
Debussy kuma ya kasance babban mai sukar kiɗa, musamman lodin wasan opera na gargajiya na Jamus.
Franz Peter Schubert (1797-1828)
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan koyon kunna piano, yana matashi, ya riga ya iya kunna shi fiye da ɗan'uwansa, wanda ya daɗe yana horo. Iyalinsa sun yi duk mai yuwuwa don ba shi kyakkyawar ilimin kida.
A cikin sa matakin matashi, Schubert ya yi kida da yawa a lokaci guda da ya koyar da shi. Ya yi waka, ba bisa buƙata ba, amma don jin daɗi. Wasan "Gretchen am Spinnrade", ya rubuta yana dan shekara 17. An ce ya rubuta waka kusan ba tare da tunani ba.
Una ciwon sanyin mata a hankali ya fara kawo karshen rayuwarsa. A cikin shekarunsa na baya (ya mutu yana da shekara 31), kiɗansa ya yi baƙin ciki, daidai da tunaninsa kan mutuwa.
Waƙoƙinsa na "ba a gama ba" ya shahara sosai. Yana da motsi biyu kawai. Da alama wannan aikin an tsara shi ne kawai don tunanin mai hazaka, ba don a yi shi ba.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
Kalmomin Haydn, wani babban suna a cikin tarihin kiɗan gargajiya, ga mahaifin Mozart, sune: «Dan shi ne babban mawakin da ya taba haduwa da shi ”.
Abu na farko da ke ɗaukar hankalin babban hazaƙin kiɗa shine manyan salo iri -iri waɗanda suke yin repertoire. Ana iya cewa shi kaɗai ne daga cikin manyan mashahuran waɗanda suka yi aiki a kan dukkan nau'ikan zamaninsa tare da sha'awa iri ɗaya.
Yana kuma Highlights da sha'awar abun da ke ciki, wanda ya raka shi duk tsawon rayuwarsa. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan mawaƙa na kiɗan gargajiya kuma yana da ƙima sosai har ya ƙetare iyakar abin da ɗan ƙaramin yaro ya fahimta.
Wadanda suka san shi sun bayyana shi a mutumin duniya, mai sha’awa da ɗanɗanar jin daɗin rayuwa, mai rawa mai ƙarewa da manyan alaƙar zamantakewa. Ta haka ne aka ƙirƙira tatsuniyar cewa Mozart na duniya ba shi da alaƙa da Mozart ɗin da ya zauna a piano, kamar wanda aka fi so ya kama mutumin da ba shi da tunani kuma mai barkwanci wanda ya san makusantansa.
Mozart ne ya rubuta fiye da ɗari shida qagaggunDaga cikin su akwai arba'in da shida symphonies, talakawa ashirin, sonatas piano ɗari da saba'in da takwas, kidan kidan piano guda ashirin da bakwai, shida don violin, wasan opera ashirin da uku, wani mawaƙa guda sittin da daruruwan sauran ayyuka.
Nasa abubuwan da aka ƙera na farko an yi su tsakanin shekarun 5 zuwa 7. Tun yana ɗan shekara 9 ya riga ya tsara waƙoƙi.
Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda za su iya bambanta daga kayan kiɗansa. A matsayin samfurin kawai, za mu faɗi. The “Requiem”, “Concert for Coronation”, “Little Night Music”, “Auren Figaro”, “Don Giovanni” ko “The Magic Flute”.
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
A cikin waƙar Beethoven, muna shaida a fifikon ra'ayi sama da tsari. Aikinsa, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mawaƙan kida na gargajiya, za a iya raba shi zuwa lokaci uku, alama ce ta rikici tsakanin abin da ya gabata da na gaba, tsakanin classicism da romanticism.
A cikin sa zamani na farko Sonatas ɗin sa na farko na piano da quartets sun yi fice, wanda violin da sonatas na piano na Mozart suka yi tasiri sosai. Sonata da ake kira "Patética" misali ne na wannan lokacin.
A A farkon karni na XNUMX, rikici na sirri ya fara a Beethoven wanda zai nuna alamar kidarsa daga baya, ya samo asali ne daga koma -baya na jin daɗinsa, kuma sama da duka daga kurmarsa. "Fidelio" shine wasan opera kawai.
A cikin sa Mataki na ƙarshe samar da shi yana ɗaukar launuka na addini. da Waƙa mai lamba 9, kira Coral, shine shahararren aikin wannan mataki. Ƙarshensa mai ban sha'awa shine ɗayan farkon muryar ɗan adam zuwa cikin waƙa. Hakanan yana da kyau a ambaci "Babban Masallacin" sa.
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
Johann Sebastian Bach yana daya daga cikin manyan mawaƙan kida na gargajiya wanda shi ma ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne, mawaƙi, mawaƙa da mawaƙa. Aikin sa yana da yawa, cike da kamala ta fasaha da kyawun kyan fasaha.
Memba na babban al'adar iyali, ya bi mahaifinsa kuma yaransa sun bi shi. Amma zuwa yanzu, Johan Sebastian shine babban yanki a cikin baroque na Jamus. Kuma tasirinsa ya kai ga dukkan sassan duniya.
Ana la'akari da Bach masanin fasahar mawaƙa. Daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa akwai “Concertos na Brandenburg”, “The Clave-Tempered Clavier”, “Toccata da Fugue in D minor”, da sauran su.
Idan kanaso ka kara sani masu fasahar kiɗan gargajiya, danna kan mahaɗin da muka bar ku yanzu. Shin kuna ƙarin sani mawakan kiɗan gargajiya wanda ya cancanci kasancewa cikin wannan jerin?