I-Middle Ages ibhekwa njengenkathi emnyama kunazo zonke esintwini. Isikhathi sobumnyama nesokubuyela emuva. Ibala emlandweni wempucuko yaseNtshonalanga.
Ngokusemthethweni, ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba okubandakanya iYurophu kuphela. Kuyaqondakala kusukela ngonyaka ka-476. Ukuwa koMbuso WaseRoma waseNtshonalanga kuyisiqalo. Lesi sigaba somlando sisishiyele muphi umculo?
Ukuphela kweNkathi Ephakathi kuphawulwa ukuwa koMbuso WaseMpumalanga WaseRoma, owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi uMbuso WaseByzantium, ngo-1453. Lolu suku luhambisana nokwenziwa komshini wokunyathelisa nokushicilelwa Ibhayibheli likaGutenberg.
Eminye imibhalo yomlando ilungisa i- ukuphela kweNkathi Ephakathi ngokufika kukaChristopher Columbus eMelika ngo-1492.
Iminyaka Ephakathi: igazi, umjuluko nezinyembezi
Inkathi yangenkathi ephakathi icishe ihlotshaniswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki, okuyinani elaphakanyiswa ngokwengxenye iSonto LamaKatolika. Kwakungathi jezisa - ezimweni eziningi, ngesigwebo sentambo - labo abathathwa njengabahlubuki.
Kodwa AmaKatolika nawo agcina eyizisulu zokushushiswa ezindaweni ezibuswa amaProthestani. Lezi kwakuyizikhathi ezimbi kunoma ngubani owayenokusola okuncane kokuthakatha. Imvamisa izinsuku zakhe zaziphela ezandleni zejaji elibuza icala.
Lezi zimpi zaziyimikhankaso eyayiqhutshwa ngupapa ngenhloso yokuvuselela kabusha ukulawula kwabaphostoli baseRoma phezu kweZwe Elingcwele. Futhi zenzeka ngalesi sikhathi. AmaSulumane, amaJuda, amaOrthodox Christian, amaGrikhi, amaRussia, amaMongol nabo bonke labo abamelene nobupapa. Bonke babephakathi kwezinhloso zokudutshulwa
Isayensi nobuciko: ukuma nokuhambisa
Amazwi agxeka kakhulu enkathini ephakathi aqinisekisa ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi, intuthuko kwezesayensi ayikho. Bathi lokhu “kumisa” kubangelwa ukungabi bikho kwezindlela zesayensi. Basola ngokuqondile ukwesaba okudalwe yi "Inquisition Engcwele." Noma ngubani owaphakamisa ukungabaza ngemithetho emisiwe wayeba sengozini yokumangalelwa ngokuthi uyimbuka. Inhloso bekuwukugcina esigxotsheni (noma ngokunqunywa ikhanda, noma ngokulengiswa).
Kwezobuciko, laba bagxeki abafanayo bathi iminyaka eyinkulungwane phakathi kwekhulu lesine neleshumi nanhlanu imele isikhathi esilahlekile. Basekela lesi sitatimende esibucayi qhathanisa isiko leNkathi Ephakathi nezikhathi zomlando zangaphambili nezakamuva. IGrisi kanye nezimpawu ezahlukahlukene zamafa enkambiso yamaGrikhi namaRoma ngakolunye uhlangothi. I-Renaissance kanye nokuvuswa kokwazi okuzoza ne-Modern Age, ngakolunye uhlangothi.
Uhlelo lobungxiwankulu nemiqondo yoMbuso Wesimanje eyayizothuthukiswa eYurophu ngemuva kwekhulu le-XNUMX, kwadingeka Imvelaphi yezindlela zombuso olwa noFedudal ezakhuleliswa engxenyeni yesibili yeNkathi Ephakathi.
Kwezobuciko, phakathi kokunye ukubonakaliswa, okuvelele umfudlana obonakala kalula wezakhiwo futhi, okumangazayo nokungaphatheki kahle kwabanye, ukubekezela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba kunjalo Isitayela seGothic.
Futhi ezingeni lomculo, eNkathini Ephakathi uhlelo lokuqashelwa komculo lwazalwa olwaluzoguqula umhlaba unomphela: iPentagram.
Umculo WangeNkathi Ephakathi
Umculo weNkathi Ephakathi ungahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu:
Umculo ongcwele: kuhlobene eduze neSonto LamaKatolika nezindawo zezindela, inhloso yazo kwakuwukukhonza uNkulunkulu kuphela. Yize ekuqaleni iziphathimandla zesonto zazibheka lonke usiko lomculo ngesinono, basheshe bathola imoto ephumelelayo yokufundisa abathembekile namakholwa.
Kubuye kwabavumela ukweqa ubunzima obukhulu ngezinhloso zabo: iningi lezakhamizi zaseYurophu Ephakathi lalingafundile. Ngezingoma, babekwazi ukumemezela imibhalo engcwele, ngaphandle kokunikeza abantu “amandla” okwazi ukufunda.
Umculo kaProfaneNgokubanzi, kubhekiswa ku konke lokho obekuculwa futhi kwenziwa ngaphandle "kwamandla kaNkulunkulu." Izimbongi, amalungu e-aristocracy, bekungabagqugquzeli bayo abakhulu. Ama-troubadours nabaculi be-minstrels nabo bawela kulesi sigaba.
Izingqikithi zezingoma bezihlukahlukene, okuthandwa kakhulu yilabo abafuna ukuthuthukisa uthando nezothando, kanye nezenzo zobuqhawe.
Iziphathimandla zenkolo azizange zikuvume lokho akukho ukubonakaliswa komculo okwenziwe esifubeni esithandwayo, ngaphandle kwenhloso engcwele.
Abaculi -Abaculi abahlanganisa ukucula nomculo nobuciko besekisi- yibo ababeshushiswa kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi besolwa ngamambuka.
La ukuntuleka kokuqashelwa "okusemthethweni" kokubonakaliswa kobuqaba, (isimo esanikezwa iSonto LamaKatolika kuphela), kwaholela emibhalweni embalwa yomlando enikeza izimpawu ezicacile mayelana nokuthi wawuzwakala kanjani umculo odumile wangeNkathi Ephakathi.
Ngaphandle kwemifanekiso ethile lapho abaculi babanjwa ngenkathi benza ubuciko babo, imithombo embalwa "engaqinisekiswa" yimibhalo evela eSontweni LamaKatolika.. Kule "mibiko" babhoka, phakathi kwezinye izinto, bephikisana namazwi "angenasizotha" aculwa ngama-troubadour kanye nabashayi bemidlalo.
Izingoma zikaGregory
Uma kukhona a umkhiqizo womculo wesithonjana kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi, kuyiChant Gregorian.
Igama labo balinikezwa uPapa Gregory I, okwathi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, wakhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa komculo wezinkonzo owawusetshenziswa eMisa. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, isifunda ngasinye sendawo ezwekazini elidala sasinenqubo yaso eyenziwayo emasontweni.
Kwehlukile kulokho okwakwenzeke kuze kube yileso sikhathi, izingoma zikaGregory zamukela isiLatini njengolimi lokudumisa kwazo. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni amahubo asetshenziswe kumasisa ahunyushelwe olimini lwesiLatini.
Baqale baculwa amaculo anesizotha okwathi, ezimweni eziningi, kwenziwa ngekhanda yikhorasi yamazwi abesilisa. Kancane kancane, ngokwesinyathelo seSonto LamaKatolika, kwavulelwa izikhala ukuze kwenziwe ngcono, ngenhloso yokuphakamisa imizwa yalabo ababambe iqhaza emikhosini kaNkulunkulu.
Cishe cishe wonke umculo weNkathi Ephakathi, Izingoma zikaGregory ziyingqayizivele (ngazwi linye). Ngokuqondile i-polyphony yakamuva, ukukhula kwayo okungenzeka ngenxa yokubonakala kwepentagram (okubuye kwavumela ukuhanjiswa okunembile kolwazi lomculo, ngaphandle kokukhumbula inkumbulo yomuntu), kukhombe ukuphela kwesikhathi sobukhazikhazi obukhulu bale nkambiso yenkolo.
Izinsimbi zomculo
Yize ukubonakaliswa okuningi komculo kweNkathi Ephakathi kunophawu lwezwi (futhi kwezinye izimo olukhethekile), le nkathi ibuye yavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwenani elihle lezinsimbi zomculo, iningi lalo elisindile, ngokuhlukahluka okuthile, kuze kube namuhla.
Phakathi kwezifanekiselo kakhulu kukhona amahabhu, amahhabhu, i-monochord nesigingci phakathi kwezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo. Umtshingo no-ogani nakho kuyabonakala.
Imithombo yesithombe: MusicaAntigua.com / WordPress.com katherinloaiza98 - WordPress.com Umculo Wasendulo eChile