AmaXesha Aphakathi athathwa njengelona xesha limnyama loluntu. Ixesha lobumnyama kunye nokuphindaphinda. Ibala kwimbali yempucuko yaseNtshona.
Ngokusesikweni, ludweliso olubandakanya kuphela iYurophu. Iyaqondakala ukusukela ngonyaka wama-476. Ukuwa koBukhosi baseNtshona baseRoma sisiqalo. Nguwuphi umculo owashiywa leli nqanaba lembali?
Ukuphela kwamaXesha Aphakathi kuphawulwe ngokuwa koBukhosi baseMpuma baseRoma, obabusaziwa njengobukhosi baseByzantium, ngo-1453. IBhayibhile kaGutenberg.
Ezinye izicatshulwa zembali ziyalungisa Ukuphela kwamaXesha Aphakathi ngokufika kukaChristopher Columbus eMelika ngo-1492.
AmaXesha Aphakathi: igazi, ukubila kunye neenyembezi
Ithuba lamaxesha aphakathi phantse linxibelelene ngokungenakwahlulwa neNkundla yokuNcina Amakholwa, inani elikhuthazwa ngokuyinxenye yiCawa yamaKatolika. Kwakumalunga ukohlwaya - kwiimeko ezininzi, kunye nesigwebo sentambo - abo bathathwa njengabaqhekeki.
Kodwa AmaKatolika nawo aphela engamaxhoba yentshutshiso kwimimandla elawulwa ngamaProtestanti. La yayingamaxesha amabi kuye nawuphina umntu owayenesikrokro esincinci sobugqwirha. Ngokwesiqhelo iintsuku zakhe zaziphelela ezandleni zomgwebi owayencina amakholwa.
Iimfazwe zomnqamlezo zazikhankanywa ngupopu ngenjongo yokumisela kwakhona ulawulo lwabapostile baseRoma kwiLizwe eliNgcwele. Kwaye zenzeka ngeli xesha. AmaSilamsi, amaJuda, amaKristu obuOthodoki, amaGrike, amaRashiya, amaMongol nabo bonke abo bachasene nomfanekiso wepopu. Bonke babephakathi kweethagethi zokudutyulwa
Inzululwazi kunye nobugcisa: ukuma kunye nokungeniswa
Amazwi abaluleke kakhulu kwixesha eliphakathi aqinisekisa ukuba ngeli xesha, inkqubela phambili kwezenzululwazi ayikho. Bacinga ukuba oku "kumile" kukusilela kweendlela zenzululwazi. Basola ngokuthe ngqo uloyiko oluveliswe yi "Inquisition Engcwele." Nabani na ophakamisa ukuthandabuza malunga nemigaqo emiselweyo wayesengozini yokutyholwa ngokuba ngumqhekeki. Injongo yayikukuphelela esibondeni (okanye ukunqunyulwa intloko, okanye ngokuxhonywa).
Kwizobugcisa, aba bagxeki banye bathi iminyaka eliwaka phakathi kwenkulungwane yesine neyeshumi elinesihlanu ibonisa ixesha elilahlekileyo. Bayixhasa le ngxelo thelekisa inkcubeko yamaxesha aphakathi kunye namaxesha angaphambili kunye nakwimbali kamva. IGrisi kunye nembonakalo yelifa lesiko lamaGrike namaRoma kwelinye icala. Ukuvuselelwa kovuselelo kunye nokuvuswa kokuqonda okuza kuza ngeXesha langoku, kwelinye.
Inkqubo yongxowankulu kunye neengcinga zoRhulumente wangoku ezinokuphakanyiswa eYurophu emva kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, babenazo Imvelaphi yeendlela ezichasene nobukumkani ezikhutshwe kwisiqingatha sesibini samaXesha Aphakathi.
Kubugcisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezibonakalayo, amagqabantshintshi umjelo wolwakhiwo obonakalayo ngokulula kwaye, okothusayo kunye nokungathandeki kwabanye, ukunyamezela ngokuhamba kwexesha, njengoko kunjalo Uhlobo lweGothic.
Kwaye kwinqanaba lomculo, kumaXesha Aphakathi inkqubo yokubhalwa komculo yazalwa eya kutshintsha umhlaba ngonaphakade: IPentagram.
Umculo wamaxesha aphakathi
Umculo wamaXesha Aphakathi unokwahlulwa ube ngamaqela amabini amakhulu:
Umculo oyingcwele: ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo neCawa yamaKatolika nakwiindawo zoonongendi, ezazinenjongo eyodwa yokunqula uThixo. Nangona abasemagunyeni becawa baqala ukuyijonga yonke le nto ngesimbo somculo, kodwa bakhawuleza bayifumana isithuthi esifanelekileyo sokufundisa abathembekileyo kunye nabakholwayo.
Ikwavumele ukuba boyeke ubunzima obukhulu kwiinjongo zabo: uninzi lwabemi be-Medieval Yurophu babengafundanga. Ngeengoma, babenokubhengeza izicatshulwa ezingcwele, ngaphandle kokunika abantu "amandla" okwazi ukufunda.
Umculo weProfane: Ngokubanzi, ibhekisa ku yonke into eyayiculwa kwaye yenziwa ngaphandle "kolawulo lukaThixo." Iimbongi, amalungu eengcungcu, zazingabona bakhuthazi bayo. Iingxaki zomsebenzi kunye neemincili nazo ziwela kolu luhlu.
Imixholo yeengoma yahluka kakhulu, ezona zidume kakhulu yilezo zazifuna ukuphucula uthando kunye nothando, kunye nezenzo zobuqhawe.
Iinkokeli zonqulo azizange ziyamkele loo nto akukho mbonakalo yomculo ivelisiweyo esifubeni esidumileyo, ngaphandle kwenjongo engcwele.
Abadlali beengoma -Abaculi abadibanisa ukucula kunye nomculo kunye neesekisi- zezona zazitshutshiswa, ngamanye amaxesha babetyholwa ngobuqhetseba.
La ukunqongophala "ngokusesikweni" kokuqondwa kweempawu zobuhedeni, (iwonga elinikwe yiCawe yamaKatolika kuphela), kukhokelele ekubeni kube namaxwebhu embali ambalwa anika imiqondiso ecacileyo malunga nendlela umculo we-Medieval odlalwa ngayo.
Ngaphandle kwemiboniso ethile apho iimvumi zathinjwa ngelixa zisenza ubugcisa bazo, imithombo embalwa "eqinisekisiweyo" yimibhalo evela kwiCawa yamaKatolika.. Kwezi "ngxelo" babedla, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokuchasene namazwi "angenabulumko" aculwa zii-troubadours kunye ne-minstrels.
Iingoma zikaGregory
Ukuba kukho Imveliso yomculo we iconographic ukusuka kumaXesha Aphakathi, yiChant Gregorian.
Igama labo balityala uPopu Gregory I, owathi, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX, wakhuthaza umanyano lomculo wenkonzo eyayisetyenziswa eMasses. Kude kube lelo xesha, ummandla ngamnye wejografi kunye nelizwekazi elidala wawunendlela yawo yokwenza emabandleni.
Yahlukile kwinto eyayisenzeka kude kube lelo xesha, Iingoma zikaGregory zamkela isiLatini njengolwimi lokudumisa. Oku kukhokelele kwiindumiso ezazisetyenziswa kwimikhosi kwakufuneka ziguqulelwe kwisiLatin.
Ekuqaleni babecula Amaculo endibano ethi, kwiimeko ezininzi, yenziwe kwimemori yikhoramu yamazwi endoda. Kancinci kancinci, kwilinge leCawe yamaKatolika, kwavulwa izithuba zokuhlaziywa, ngenjongo yokuphakamisa iimvakalelo zabo bathathe inxaxheba kwimibhiyozo kaThixo.
Phantse wonke umculo wamaXesha Aphakathi, iiChants zikaGregory zi-monodic (ngazwi linye). Ngokuchanekileyo i-polyphony yamva nje, uphuhliso lwayo lwalunokubakho ngenxa yokuvela kwepentagram (ekwavumela ukuhanjiswa ngokuchanekileyo kolwazi lomculo, ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwinkumbulo yomntu), kwaphawula ukuphela kwexesha lobungangamsha obukhulu beli siko leenkonzo.
Instrumentos musicales
Nangona uninzi lweempawu zomculo zamaXesha Aphakathi zinophawu (kwaye kwezinye iimeko lodwa) icandelo lezwi, eli xesha livumele Ukuphuhliswa kwenani elifanelekileyo lezixhobo zomculo, uninzi lwazo luye lwasinda, ngezinye iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje.
Phakathi kwezona zinto ziphawulekayo zezi iihadi, imirhubhe, iihapu, imirhubhe. Ifluti kunye ne-organ nazo ziyabonakala.
Imithombo yemifanekiso: UmculoaAntigua.com / WordPress.com katherinloaiza98 - WordPress.com uMculo wamandulo eChile