Tsakiyar Tsakiya ana ɗaukar lokacin mafi duhu na ɗan adam. Lokacin duhu da koma baya. Taba a tarihin wayewar Yammacin Turai.
A bisa ƙa'ida, rarrabuwa ce wacce ta haɗa da Turai kawai. An fahimta tun daga shekara ta 476. Faɗuwar Daular Roma ta Yamma ita ce farkon farawa. Wace kida wannan matakin tarihi ya bar mu?
Ƙarshen Tsakiyar Tsakiya alama ce ta Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire, wanda aka fi sani da Daular Byzantine, a cikin 1453. Wannan ranar ta zo daidai da ƙirƙirar injin bugawa da kuma buga littafin Gutenberg Littafi Mai Tsarki.
Wasu rubutun tarihi sun gyara ƙarshen Tsakiyar Tsakiya tare da isowar Christopher Columbus a Amurka a 1492.
Tsakiyar Tsakiya: jini, gumi da hawaye
Lokacin tsakiyar yana kusan alaƙa da Inquisition, adadi da Cocin Katolika ya inganta. Yana game da hukunta - a mafi yawan lokuta, tare da hukuncin kisa - waɗanda ake ɗauka bidi'a ne.
Pero Katolika kuma sun ƙare zama waɗanda abin ya shafa na zalunci a yankunan da Furotesta suka mamaye. Waɗannan lokutan mugaye ne ga duk wanda ke ɗan shakkar yin maita. Kullum kwanakinsa sun ƙare a hannun alkali mai bincike.
Yaƙin neman zaɓen ya kasance kamfen ɗin da shugaban Kirista ya jagoranta da nufin sake kafa ikon manzancin Romawa akan Kasa Mai Tsarki. Kuma sun faru a wannan lokacin. Musulmai, Yahudawa, Kiristocin Orthodox, Helenawa, Rasha, Mongoliya da duk waɗanda suka yi adawa da adadi na Paparoma. Duk suna cikin wadanda ake son a harbe su
Kimiyya da fasaha: tsayawa da sallamawa
Muryoyin da suka fi mahimmanci na zamanin tsakiyar yana tabbatar da cewa a wannan lokacin, ci gaba a ilimin kimiyya babu shi. Suna danganta wannan '' tsaiko '' ga rashin hanyoyin kimiyya. Kai tsaye suna ɗora alhakin fargabar da “Inquisition Mai Tsarki” ya haifar. Duk wanda ya kawo shakku game da ƙa'idodin da aka kafa yana da haɗarin a zarge shi da karkatacciyar koyarwa. Manufar ita ce ta ƙare a kan gungumen azaba (ko a fille masa kai, ko ta rataya).
A cikin fasaha, waɗannan masu sukar suna jayayya cewa shekaru dubu tsakanin ƙarni na huɗu da goma sha biyar suna wakiltar lokacin ɓace. Suna kafa wannan sanarwa mai ban tsoro kwatanta al'adun Medieval tare da lokutan tarihi na baya da na baya. Girka da kuma abubuwan gado daban-daban na al'adun Greco-Roman a gefe guda. Renaissance da farkawa na sani wanda zai zo da Zamanin Zamani, a daya.
Tsarin 'yan jari hujja da ra'ayoyin jihar zamani wanda za a inganta a Turai bayan karni na XNUMX, suna da nasu asali a cikin hanyoyin anti-feudal wanda aka yi alama a rabi na biyu na tsakiyar zamanai.
A cikin zane -zane, tsakanin sauran bayyanannun, manyan bayanai rafi na gine -gine mai sauƙin ganewa kuma, ga mamakin da rashin jin daɗin wasu, suna jurewa lokaci, kamar yadda yake Gothic style.
Kuma a matakin kiɗa, a tsakiyar zamanai an haifi tsarin alamar kiɗan wanda zai canza duniya har abada: Pentagram.
Waƙar Medieval
Za a iya raba kiɗan na Tsakiyar Tsakiya zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu:
Kiɗa mai alfarma: yana da alaƙa da Cocin Katolika da gidajen ibada, waɗanda manufarsu ita ce su bauta wa Allah. Kodayake da farko mahukuntan Ikklesiya sun kalli al'adar kiɗa gaba ɗaya tare da ɓacin rai, ba da daɗewa ba suka gano ingantaccen abin hawa don cusawa masu aminci da masu bi.
Hakanan ya basu damar tsallake babban matsala don dalilan su: akasarin mazaunan tsakiyar Turai ba su iya karatu da rubutu ba. Ta hanyar waƙoƙin, za su iya shelar ayoyin alfarma, ba tare da sun ba wa mutane “ikon” sanin yadda ake karatu ba.
Waƙar Ruwa: Fadi magana, yana nufin duk abin da aka rera kuma aka yi a wajen "mulkin Allah." Mawaƙa, membobin aristocracy, sune manyan masu tallata ta. Hargitsi da mawaƙa suma suna cikin wannan rukunin.
Jigogin waƙoƙin sun bambanta sosai, mafi shahara shine waɗanda suka nemi haɓaka soyayya da soyayya, da kuma ayyukan jarumta.
Hukumomin addini ba su yarda ba babu alamar kiɗan da aka samar a cikin mashahurin ƙirjin, ba tare da wata manufa mai alfarma ba.
Mawaƙa -Masu fasahar da suka hada waka da kade-kade da wasan circus- su ne aka fi tsanantawa, wani lokaci ana zarginsu da bidi'a.
La rashin sanin “hukuma” na bayyanar arna, (matsayin da Cocin Katolika ne kawai ya bayar), ya haifar da documentsan takardu na tarihi waɗanda ke ba da bayyanannun sigina game da yadda sanannen kiɗan Medieval ya yi kara.
Bayan wasu hotunan hoto inda aka kama mawakan yayin da suke yin fasaharsu, 'yan asalin “tabbatattu” su ne rubuce -rubucen da ke fitowa daga Cocin Katolika.. A cikin waɗannan '' rahotanni '' sun yi magana, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, a kan waƙoƙin '' marasa hankali '' waɗanda mashahurai da mawaƙa suka rera.
Canjin Gregorian
Idan akwai samfurin kiɗan iconographic daga tsakiyar zamanai, shine Gregorian Chant.
Suna bin sunan Paparoma Gregory I, wanda, a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, ya haɓaka haɓakar kiɗan liturgical da ake amfani da shi a Masses. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, kowane yanki na yanki tare da tsohuwar nahiyar yana da tsarin sa na yau da kullun da za a yi a cikin majami'u.
Ya bambanta da abin da ke faruwa har zuwa lokacin, waƙoƙin Gregorian suna amfani da Latin a matsayin yare don yabon su. Wannan ya haifar da zabura da aka yi amfani da su a cikin talakawa waɗanda dole ne a fassara su zuwa fassarar Latin.
Da farko, an rera su wakoki masu girma wanda, a mafi yawan lokuta, an yi su daga ƙwaƙwalwa ta mawaƙin muryoyin maza. A hankali kaɗan, a yunƙurin Cocin Katolika, an buɗe sarari don haɓakawa, tare da manufar ɗaukaka waɗanda suka halarci bukukuwan Allah.
Kamar kusan duk kiɗan na Tsakiyar Tsakiya, da Gregorian Chants ne monodic (cikin murya daya). Daidai polyphony na baya, wanda ci gaban sa ya yiwu saboda bayyanar pentagram (wanda kuma ya ba da izinin watsa ainihin ilimin musika, ba tare da dogaro da ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam ba), ya nuna ƙarshen lokacin mafi girman ɗaukakar wannan al'ada ta liturgical.
Kayan kiɗa
Kodayake yawancin bayyanar kiɗan na Tsakiyar Tsakiya suna da alamar sauti (kuma a wasu lokuta keɓaɓɓu) ɓangaren murya, wannan lokacin kuma ya ba da damar bunƙasa adadi mai yawa na kayan kida, yawancinsu sun tsira, tare da wasu bambance -bambancen, har zuwa yau.
Daga cikin mafi yawan alamomi akwai kaɗe -kaɗe, kaɗe -kaɗe, monochord da guitar a cikin kaɗe -kaɗe. Sarewa da gabobin jiki ma sun yi fice.
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