Inkathi Ephakathi ingesinye sezikhathi ezinempikiswano enkulu emlandweni. Kuhlolisiswe ngabaningi ngabaningi, behlekwa usulu ngabanye. Abanye bakubheka njengokuchitha isikhathi kwesintu. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukukhiqizwa kwalokho esikuqonda namuhla njengomculo wasendulo kwakubalulekile.
Phakathi neminyaka cishe eyinkulungwane eyakha le nkathi, umhlaba awuzange ume. Kwakunentuthuko eminingi, ngaphandle kwezinhlupho, izimpi, njll. Ubuciko, yize babunemikhawulo eminingi, babungenye yezindawo ezahamba phambili kakhulu. Futhi lokhu kube ukubonga, ngokwengxenye, eminikelweni yomculo wasendulo.
Onke amandla eSonto
La ukuwa koMbuso WaseRoma waseNtshonalanga nokusungulwa koMbuso WaseByzantium, ngokudluliswa okwaziwayo kwesikhungo sayo samandla eConstantinople (namuhla eyi-Istanbul), kukhomba ukuqala kweNkathi Ephakathi.
Ngaphambi, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka okuqala enkathi yobuKristu, ababusi baseRoma babenikeza iSonto LamaKatolika amandla amakhulu. Ngemuva kokuwa kweRoma, lokhu kulawula ngaphakathi kwezombangazwe kwezizwe ezazisanda kufufusa kwanda.
Konke okwakungamukelwa yiziphathimandla eziphakeme zezenkolo, kwakubizwa ngokuthi yimbuka futhi okuphambene namacebo kaNkulunkulu. Ngokuyinhloko lo mcabango wobufandamentali - yize abanye bengakuvumeli ukusetshenziswa kwaleli gama kulo mongo - ikakhulu ubhekene nedumela elibi elijatshulelwa yiNkathi Ephakathi.
Isayensi, ipolitiki, ifilosofi noma umcabango wobuntu, ubuciko. Okuphakamise imibuzo nokuphakamisa ukungabaza bekungavunyelwe. Imiboniso yokuzijabulisa, ngaphandle kokumbalwa, nayo ayemukelwanga.
Umculo "wasemthethweni" wangeNkathi Ephakathi wazuza umlingiswa oyisisekelo. Yize ekuqaleni iziphathimandla zamaKhatholika zingazange zikuvume lokhu kubonakaliswa kobuciko, basheshe baba nomqondo ngakho: kwaba yimoto yokufundisa.
Lokhu kube nomphumela wokuthi, ezingeni lomlando, ukubonakaliswa komculo kweNkathi Ephakathi kwehlukaniswe kabili: umculo ongcwele nomculo ongcolile.
Umculo ongcwele
Ngaphakathi kwalo mqondo uyangena konke ukukhiqizwa komculo okuhloselwe ukukhonza unkulunkulu. Ngokuyinhloko lokho kuhlobene kakhulu nobuningi nezenzo zenkolo yeSonto LamaKatolika.
Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi naphakathi kwezindawo zasendulo ezazibuswa yiRoma, uma kukhulunywa kabanzi, umculo ongcwele uhlukaniswe waba:
- Ingoma yakudala yamaRoma: kwaziwa ngokomlando nangaphansi kwegama lengoma yasendulo yamaRoma. Ngaphezu kwe athuthuke enhlokodolobha yamanje yase-Italy, ikwazile ukunweba yaya kwezinye izifunda ezinjengeGreat Britain ne-Ireland. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwaba yinto evamile phakathi konyaka we-1070 nowe-1200.
Ezinye izazi zeMedieval Music ziveza lokho wabelana ngokufana okuningi ngengoma kaGregory. Yize ukwakheka kwayo kulula kakhulu.
- Ingoma yeGallican: yakha i-repertoire ye-liturgical yeGaul, izindawo namuhla ezaziwa njengeFrance neBelgium. Iphinde yahlanganisa ezinye izifunda zase-Italy, eJalimane naseNetherlands.
Imithombo ebhaliwe enikeza ukunemba kwezici zayo ayiningi.
- Ingoma ka-Ambrosian: ibizwa ngegama layo iSaint Ambrose, umbhishobhi waseMilan phakathi nekhulu lesine leminyaka, lapho uMbuso Omdala waseRoma wawusamile futhi iNkathi Ephakathi yayingakaqali.
Awunazo izigqi ezinqunywe kusengaphambili, "imigoqo" yadalwa kusuka kumbhalo okhulunyiwe.
Yaziwa nangokuthi ingoma yaseMilanese.
- I-Canto beneventano: i-repertoire ye-liturgical yedolobha lase-Benevento, kanye namanye amadolobha aseningizimu ye-Italy. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukwakheka kwayo kwenzeka phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX.
Njengokwenzekile ngengoma yeGallican, Ayikho imithombo eminingi ebhaliwe enikeza ukukhanya okucacile kokuthi kuzwakale kanjani. Kodwa-ke, abanye ochwepheshe bakhomba ukufana nengoma ka-Ambrosian, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokungabikho kwemingcele yesigqi.
Izingoma zikaGregory
Futhi kubhalwe ngaphakathi kwesiko lomculo lokusetshenziswa kwesakramente, Izingoma zikaGregory zifanelwe isahluko esihlukile emculweni wasendulo. Bazalwe ngenxa yesidingo sokuthi iSonto LamaKatolika lihlanganise repertoire yalo ehlukahlukene yemikhosi.
Isisekelo saso sisezingomeni zasendulo zaseRoma. Izici zayo ezichazayo yilezi:
- Isigqi esiguquguqukayo, ngaso sonke isikhathi sithobela umbhalo ohumushiwe.
- Umdumo onendlela ehlonishwayo yesizotha.
- I-Monodic futhi yahlabelela i-cappella yikhwaya okwathi, cishe kuzo zonke izimo, yayakhiwa kuphela ngamaphimbo wabesilisa.
- Cishe yonke i-repertoire yayibhalwe ngesiLatini.
Ngokwengeziwe, iculo likaGregory lasebenza njengesisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwe-tetragramma. Lokhu kwakungeyona nje into eyisiqondisi esakhiwe yimigqa emine evundlile, ehambisanayo ne-equidistant, eyenzelwe ukuxazulula izimpawu zokuqala zomculo kubo. Ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, kuzolungiswa umugqa wesihlanu kulesi sakhiwo, okwenza uhlelo lwezincazelo zomculo lusebenze kuze kube namuhla.
Umculo wasendulo wesikhathi esiphakathi
Cishe, umqondo womculo ongcolile uhlanganisa noma yikuphi ukubonakaliswa inhloso yaso kuphela okungeyona ukukhonza uNkulunkulu. Ngaphandle, iqukethe ngaphakathi kwayo umqondo ophawuliwe wokudlala.
Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, amaqembu amabili abaculi ayengawasabalalisi bawo abakhulu. Okungukuthi:
- Ama-troubadour: angabhekwa ngokusemthethweni njenge- ababhali bezingoma zokuqala emlandweni womculo wasentshonalanga. Babengabanumzane abanamandla, amalungu obukhosi.
Izingqikithi zezingoma zakhe bezibandakanya amadrama othando noma izimemezelo zothando, izenzo zobuqhawe nezindatshana. Kwakukhona nesikhala sokudlulisa ukukhathazeka okungajwayelekile, njengokuthuthukiswa kwezinjongo zepolitiki noma izingoma zomngcwabo.
Ngokungafani nomculo ongcwele, isigqi besingahlangene nombhalo. Ngokwengeziwe, isiLatin sakulahlwa ngokuphelele futhi kwasetshenziswa izilimi ezahlukahlukene zesiRomance endaweni yaso.
- Abaculi be-minstrels: laba babengabaculi ababalulekile. Ngaphandle kwabaculi, babeyizimbongi, amajuggler, kanye nama-mimes. Imibukiso yabo yayinesiteji.
Ezikhathini eziningi, basebenze njengabaculi abahamba nabo emidlalweni yama-troubadour.
Abashayi bempi babengamalungu abantu abavamile, okwakusiza ukuba abaphathi bezenkolo bamshushise ngonya.
Izinsimbi zomculo zeNkathi Ephakathi
Eziningi zezinsimbi zomculo zasendulo zivela emasikweni amaGrikhi namaRoma. Eziningi zazo ziyaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa, ngokuhlukahluka okuthile, namuhla.
I-harp, i-lyre, i-monochord nama-guitar akuhlu. Futhi imitshingo nezinye izinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo ezifana ne-cowbell.
Imithombo Yesithombe: I-YouTube